The Integration Paradox

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

.title[
# The Integration Paradox
]
.subtitle[
## Proposal of a New Experimental Design
]
.author[
### Merlin Schaeffer & Judith Kas (WZB)
]
.date[
### 2023-04-21
]

---

layout: true
# Tocqueville's Paradox

.push-right[.center[
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Alexis_de_tocqueville.jpg" width="67%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]]

---

.push-left[
> The hatred that men bear to privilege increases in proportion as privileges become fewer and less considerable, so that democratic passions would seem to burn most fiercely just when they have least fuel.
 [...] 
When all conditions are unequal, no inequality is so great as to offend the eye, whereas the slightest dissimilarity is odious in the midst of general uniformity;
 [...] 
the love of equality should constantly increase together with equality itself [...].

> -- Alexis de Tocqueville (2015 [1840])
]

---

.push-left[.center[
<img src="media/FRA_1.png" width="89%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[
*Source*: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2014)
]]]]

---

.push-left[.center[
<img src="media/FRA_2.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[
*Source*: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2014)
]]
]]

---
layout: true
# The Integration Paradox

.push-right[.center[
<img src="https://www.tagesspiegel.de/images/rudow/1251998/2-format43.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
Single family home in Berlin's suburb Rudow
]]

---

.push-left[.alert[.center[.font120[
 
 
 
 
 
Do immigrants and the children of immigrants who established themselves among the middle-class mainstream report less discrimination than those who remain at the margins of society?
]]]]

---

.push-left[.center[
<img src="media/Verkuyten.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[
*Source*: Verkuyten (2016)
]]
]]

---
layout: false
# Synthesized theoretical model

---
# Fundamental flaw of prior research

.center[.alert[**False Consciousness**: Are the less integrated under-perceiving the true extent of discrimination they face?]]
<img src="media/Conceptual-model-2.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

---
# Limitation of correspondence studies

.push-left[
#### Fake CV's have no experiences and feelings
<img src="https://www.docdroid.net/thumbnail/d9fU64e/1500,1500/fake-cv-pdf.jpg" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.push-right[
.center[.alert[**False Consciousness**: Are the less integrated under-perceiving the true extent of discrimination they face?]]
<img src="media/Conceptual-model-2.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
# A new experimental design

.right-column[
.center[**The Trust game** 
Two persons' *mutual* evaluation of their trustworthiness 
.backgrnote[We'll have endowments of €10 
Respondents will play both roles & we define actual role randomly afterwards]]
<img src="media/trust-game.gif" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.left-column[
.center[**Non-anonymous games** 
Profile photo & spoken sentence]
<img src="media/Non-anonymous-trust-game.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
# Actual discrimination

.left-column[
.center[**Non-anonymous games** 
Profile photo & spoken sentence]
<img src="media/Non-anonymous-trust-game.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.right-column[
<img src="media/Actual-discrimination.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
1. `\(€_{\text{Judith}} - \bar{€}_{\text{Co-ethnics}}\)`, or `\(€_{\text{Judith}} - €_{\text{anonymous}}\)`
 + Single measure: May be ethnic or not.
 + Aggregated across 10 game partners: Ethnic discrimination.
2. After all 11 games: Which two of the overall ten (non-anonymous) games do you want to be paid out?
]

---
# Expected & perceived discrimination

.left-column[
.center[**Non-anonymous games** 
Profile photo & spoken sentence]
<img src="media/Non-anonymous-trust-game.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.right-column[
.center[**Expected discrimination**]
After all games are played: What do you think,
1. Expected `\(\Delta€\)` (incentivized, €4 for correct guess)
  - how much did that game partner send you? `\(\rightarrow\)` €3
  - how much did that game partner send other players? `\(\rightarrow\)` €5
  - why did that game partner send you €2 less than the others?
2. Do you think, that game partner chose your game as one of the two that are being paid out (incentivized, €2 for correct guess)

.center[**Perceived discrimination**]
Three months later, respondents are informed about their aggregate personal and overall average payoffs.
1. Why did you make less / more?
]

---
# Implementation in three steps
.left-column[
#### 1) Pre-game online survey May 2021
 - Photo & recorded sentence.
 - Berlin, Hamburg, Cologne, Frankfurt, Munich.
 - 1,500 Germans with native-born parents.
 - 900 immigrants or children of immigrants.
 - 600 Turkish immigrants or children of Turkish immigrants.
]

.right-column[
<img src="media/Conceptual-model-3.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
# Implementation in three steps
.left-column[
#### 2) Online trust games October 2021
 - Not simultaneously but strategy method.
 - 1,000 Germans with native-born parents.
 - 600 immigrants or children of immigrants.
 - 400 Turkish immigrants or children of Turkish immigrants.
 - Guaranteed €20, Average win €60, maximum €100.
]

.right-column[
<img src="media/Conceptual-model-4.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
# Implementation in three steps
.left-column[
#### 3) Final survey January 2022
 - Information about personal and overall payoffs.
]

.right-column[
<img src="media/Conceptual-model-5.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
# Envisioned data .font60[n = 1,500 X 8 = 12,000]

| Minority     | Pot. discriminator | `\(€_{i} - \bar{€}_{j(\text{Co-ethnics})}\)` | Exp. `\(\Delta_i€\)` | `\(j\)` selected `\(i\)` | `\(i\)` exp. selection | `\(i\)` Education | `\(i\)` ...
|-------------:|:------------------:|:----------------------------------------:|:----------------:|:----------------:|:------------------:|:--:|:--|
| `\(i=1\)` (Judith)  | `\(j=1\)` (Merlin)  | -3                                       | -5               |0                 |0                   |... |...|
| `\(i=1\)` (Judith)  | `\(j=2\)`           | 0                                        |0                 |1                 |0                   |... |...|
| `\(i=1\)` (Judith)  | `\(j=3\)`           | 1                                        |0                 |1                 |0                   |... |...|
| `\(i=1\)` (Judith)  | `\(j=4\)`           | -1                                       |0                 |1                 |1                   |... |...|
| `\(i=1\)` (Judith)  | `\(j=5\)`           | -2                                       |0                 |1                 |0                   |... |...|
| `\(i=1\)` (Judith)  | `\(j=6\)`           | -4                                       |0                 |1                 |0                   |... |...|
| `\(i=1\)` (Judith)  | `\(j=7\)`           | 3                                        |0                 |0                 |0                   |... |...|
| `\(i=1\)` (Judith)  | `\(j=8\)`           | 0                                        |0                 |0                 |0                   |... |...|
| `\(i=2\)`           | `\(j=1\)` (Merlin)  | ...                                      |...               |...               |...                 |... |...|
| `\(i=2\)`           | `\(j=4\)`           | ...                                      |...               |...               |...                 |... |...|
| `\(i=2\)`           | `\(j=9\)`           | ...                                      |...               |...               |...                 |... |...|
| `\(i=2\)`           | `\(j=10\)`          | ...                                      |...               |...               |...                 |... |...|

---
# Panel attrition

### Problem:
Matching happens before Part 2, but not everyone will show up `\(\rightarrow\)` incomplete sets.
- Consequences: Some data cannot be used if measure of actual or expected discrimination is missing.

---
# Conclusion

- Tocqueville's paradox: 
  + Interesting phenomenon & maybe rather pervasive.
  + Related to claims about false consciousness.
  + No good toolbox to study these phenomena.

- The new experimental design:
  - Arguably artificial.
  - But *first* attempt to measure & predict individuals' under- and over-perceived discrimination.
  - Mis-perceptions may also be used as predictor, e.g. of political mobilization.

.font150[.center[.alert[Thank you for your attention!]]]

---
# References

.font70[
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2014). _Violence against women :an EU wide survey :
results at a glance._ LU: Publications Office.

Tocqueville, A. d. (2015). _Democracy in America - Vol. I. and II._ Read Books Ltd.

Verkuyten, M. (2016). "The Integration Paradox: Empiric Evidence From the Netherlands". In: _American
Behavioral Scientist_, pp. 583-596.
]