Correcting Misperceptions about Ethno-Racial Discrimination

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

.title[
# Correcting Misperceptions about Ethno-Racial Discrimination
]
.subtitle[
## The Limits of Evidence-Based Awareness Raising to Promote Support for Equal-Treatment Policies
]
.author[
### Merlin Schaeffer, Kryzstof Krakowski, und Asmus Olsen
]
.date[
### 2023-08-30
]

---

layout: true
class: clear
# Discrimination of Muslims in Denmark

---

.push-left[
.center[Labor market]
<img src="./media/Dahl.png" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.center[.backgrnote[*Source*: Dahl and Krog (2018)]]
]

.push-right[
.center[Housing market]
<img src="./media/Herby.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.center[.backgrnote[*Source*: Herby and Haagen Nielsen (2015)]]
]

---

.push-left[
.center[Primary schools]
<img src="./media/Olsen.png" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.center[.backgrnote[*Source*: Olsen, Kyhse-Andersen, and Moynihan (2021)]]
]

.push-right[
.center[Municipality politicians]
<img src="./media/Dinesen.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.center[.backgrnote[*Source*: Dinesen, Dahl, and Schiøler (2021)]]
]

---
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class: inverse center middle

.font120[.content-box-blue[
`\(\Rightarrow\)` Do the efforts to scientifically identify and describe the extent of ethno-racial discrimination also succeed in raising public recognition and support for equal-treatment polices?
]]
 
---
# Hypothesis 1

---
class: clear
# .font90[Elicitation of *Mis*-perceptions of discrimination]

.push-left[
- Experimental-design by Haaland and Roth (2022): "Beliefs About Racial Discrimination and Support for Pro-Black Policies" in the US.

<img src="media/OSF.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.push-right[
<img src="./media/Merlin1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
class: clear
# .font90[Elicitation of *Mis*-perceptions of discrimination]

.font90[
> Now we are interested in hearing your thoughts on a recent social science study.

> **Researchers from the University of Copenhagen conducted a study on discrimination against non-Western minorities in Danish primary schools.** They did this by sending fictitious applications to primary schools in Denmark, where a parent requested to transfer their child to the school's 3rd grade.

> **The fictitious applications were exactly the same except for one thing: the name of the father of the child who was to be admitted to the school and who sent the email.** Half of the applications had a typically Danish-sounding name such as "Peter Nielsen," while the other half had a typically Muslim-sounding name such as "Mohammad Osman."

> The researchers wanted to find out whether schools would view the exact same application more positively if it was sent by a parent with a Danish-sounding name compared to a parent with a Muslim-sounding name.

> **Out of 100 fictitious applications with Danish-sounding names, 25 of the applications were able to get the child admitted to the school.**

> **What do you think: out of 100 fictitious applications with Muslim-sounding names, how many of the applications were able to get the child admitted to the school?**]

---
layout: true
# It's not for a lack of wokeness

---

.center[*Mis-*perception of ethnic discrimination by primary schools]
<img src="Madrid_files/figure-html/school_misp-1.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[
Post-stratification weighted results based on a random sample of 1041 mainstream Danes (born in DK and both parents born in DK).
]]

---

<img src="Madrid_files/figure-html/all_misp-1.png" width="72%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[
Post-stratification weighted results based on a random sample of each approx. 1041 mainstream Danes (born in DK and both parents born in DK).
]]

---
layout: true
# Factual correction

.left-column[
- Experimental-design by Haaland and Roth (2022).

`\(\rightarrow\)`  A random `\(\frac{1}{5}\)` of respondents was corrected.
]

---

.right-column[
<img src="./media/Merlin2.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---

.right-column[
> The researchers found that **out of 100 fictitious applications with Muslim-sounding names, 15 of the applications were able to get the child admitted to the school.** In comparison, 25 out of 100 applications were able to get the child admitted to the school when the application had a Danish-sounding name.

> **This means that primary schools were 67% more likely to admit a student with a Danish-sounding name compared to a student with a Muslim-sounding name.**
]

---

.right-column[
<img src="Madrid_files/figure-html/plot2-1.png" width="65%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[
Post-stratification weighted OLS regression with 95% confidence interval. n = 1669.
]]]

---
layout: false
# Factual correction

.backgrnote[.center[
Post-stratification weighted results. On the right: OLS point estimate with robust 90 & 95% confidence intervals. Results are adjusted for the extent of the initial misperception of discrimination, type of field experiment, age, gender, region, education, household size, and labor force status. n = 769.
]]

---
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# Factual correction

---
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# Factual correction

---
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# Hypotheses 2, 3 & 4

---
# Framing .font70[scientific quality]

.push-left[
- .alert[Advancement] of experimental-designs by Haaland and Roth (2022).

`\(\rightarrow\)` A random `\(\frac{1}{5}\)` of respondents *additionally* received the following framing of the correction:

> We asked #Name, who is a university researcher, for a comment on the study. S/he explained:

> "The results are credible. The study was conducted according to the highest standards of evidence within the research field."
]

.push-right[
.push-left[
<img src="./media/Researcher_1_Kristianna_Bakkær_Simonsen.jpeg" width="55%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[Kristianna Bakkær Simonsen, Aarhus Universitet]]

<img src="./media/Researcher_2_Martin_Vinæs_Larsen.jpg" width="55%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[Martin Vinæs Larsen, Aarhus Universitet]]
]
.push-right[
<img src="./media/Researcher_4_Jakob_Majlund_Holm.jpg" width="62%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[Jakob Majlund Holm, Aarhus Universitet]]

<img src="./media/Researcher_3_Mathilde_Cecchini.jpg" width="62%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[Mathilde Cecchini, Aarhus Universitet]]
]
]
---
# Framing .font70[legal and normative]

.push-left[
`\(\rightarrow\)` A random `\(\frac{1}{5}\)` of respondents *additionally* received the following framing of the correction:

> We asked #Name, who is a lawyer, for a comment on the study. S/he explained:

> "The results are alarming. Discrimination like this is prohibited by Danish law."
]

.push-right[
.push-left[
<img src="./media/Lawyer_1_Tine_Birkelund_Thomsen.jpg" width="55%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[Tine Birkelund, Institut for Menneske Rettigheder]]

<img src="./media/Lawyer_2_Nikolaj_Nielsen.jpg" width="55%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[Nikolaj Nielsen, Institut for Menneske Rettigheder]]
]
.push-right[
<img src="./media/Lawyer_3_Tarek_Hussein.png" width="72%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[Tarek Hussein, Institut for Menneske Rettigheder]]

<img src="./media/Lawyer_4_Nanna_Margrethe_Krusaa.jpg" width="55%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[Nanna Margrethe Krusaa, Institut for Menneske Rettigheder]]
]]

---
# Framing .font70[personal and affective]

.push-left[
`\(\rightarrow\)` A random `\(\frac{1}{5}\)` of respondents *additionally* received the following framing of the correction:

> We asked #Name, who is a non-Western minority person, for a comment on the study. S/he explained:

> "The results make me sad. It worries me to hear that people with a name like mine are not treated equally."
]

.push-right[
.push-left[
<img src="./media/Affected_1_Loubna_Mekhchoun.png" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[Loubna Mekhchoun]]

<img src="./media/Affected_2_Mohammed_Albannay_1.jpg" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[Mohammed Al'Bannay]]
]
.push-right[
<img src="./media/Affected_4_Hassan_Musse.png" width="65%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[Hassan Musse]]

<img src="./media/Affected_3_Yasmin_Mohamed.jpg" width="61%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[Yasmin Mohammed]]
]]

---
# Framing

.backgrnote[.center[
Post-stratification weighted OLS point estimate with robust 90 & 95% confidence intervals. Results are adjusted for the extent of the initial misperception of discrimination, type of field experiment, age, gender, region, education, household size, and labor force status. n = 2,973, 3,904, 1,895 & 2,973.
]]

---
# Hypothesis 5

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# Priming effect?

.left-column[
.font80[
> **Researchers from the University of Copenhagen conducted a study on discrimination against non-Western minorities in Danish primary schools.** They did this by sending fictitious applications to primary schools in Denmark, where a parent requested to transfer their child to the school's 3rd grade.

> ...
]]

.right-column[
<img src="./media/Fig7_Priming_a.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[
Post-stratification weighted OLS point estimate with robust 90 & 95% confidence intervals. Results are adjusted for the extent of the initial misperception of discrimination, type of field experiment, age, gender, region, education, household size, and labor force status. n = 2,973, 3,904, 1,895 & 2,973.
]]]

---
# Conclusion

.center[.font120[

Evidence-based awareness raising is unlikely to be successful.

While citizens may donate to recognize minority hardships, they hesitate to endorse policies that could impact their group's privileges.
]

.font140[
.alert[Thank you for for your Attention!]
]]

---
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# References

.push-left[.font70[
Dahl, M. and N. Krog (2018). "Experimental Evidence of Discrimination in the Labour Market:
Intersections between Ethnicity, Gender, and Socio-Economic Status". In: _European Sociological
Review_, pp. 402-417.

Dinesen, P. T., M. Dahl, and M. Schiøler (2021). "When Are Legislators Responsive to Ethnic
Minorities? Testing the Role of Electoral Incentives and Candidate Selection for Mitigating
Ethnocentric Responsiveness". In: _American Political Science Review_, pp. 450-466.

Haaland, I. and C. Roth (2022). "Beliefs about Racial Discrimination and Support for Pro-Black
Policies". In: _The Review of Economics and Statistics_, pp. 1-15.

Herby, J. and U. Haagen Nielsen (2015). "Rapport om etnisk diskrimination pa boligmarkedet".

Olsen, A. L., J. H. Kyhse-Andersen, and D. Moynihan (2021). "The Unequal Distribution of Opportunity:
A National Audit Study of Bureaucratic Discrimination in Primary School Access". In: _American Journal
of Political Science_.
]]

.push-right[.font70[

]]

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# Appendix

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# Factual correction

<img src="./media/Haaland.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.center[.backgrnote[*Source*: Haaland and Roth (2022)]]