Misperceived DiscriminationThe Two Proximate Causes of Over- and Underperceived Ethnic DiscriminationMerlin Schaeffer & Judith Kas2021-11-101 / 33

The integration paradox

[...] greater familiarity with the culture and language and economic advancement can lead to greater consciousness of the reality of discrimination.

-- Portes, Parker, and Cobas (1980)

2 / 33

The integration paradox

[...] greater familiarity with the culture and language and economic advancement can lead to greater consciousness of the reality of discrimination.

-- Portes, Parker, and Cobas (1980)

Source: Schaeffer and Kas (2021)

2 / 33

Step 1 Online survey

Var1	Freq
Mainstream	1356
Immigrant	890
Child of immigrant	595

Random sample from public registers of:
- Berlin,
- Hamburg,
- Cologne,
- Frankfurt,
- Munich.
Invitation to study via postal mail.
Response rate approx. 8%.

3 / 33

Fundamental flaw of prior research

[...] greater familiarity with the culture and language and some economic advancement can lead to greater consciousness of the reality of discrimination.

-- Portes, Parker, and Cobas (1980)

4 / 33

Fundamental flaw of prior research

[...] greater familiarity with the culture and language and some economic advancement can lead to greater consciousness of the reality of discrimination.

-- Portes, Parker, and Cobas (1980)

False Consciousness: Are the less integrated under-perceiving the true extent of discrimination they face?

4 / 33

Limitation of correspondence studies

Fake CV's
have no experiences and perceptions

5 / 33

Additional demands for a new design

You need 16 times the sample size to estimate an interaction than to estimate a main effect

-- Andrew Gelman

6 / 33

Additional demands for a new design

You need 16 times the sample size to estimate an interaction than to estimate a main effect

-- Andrew Gelman

7 / 33

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

8 / 33

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

9 / 33

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

10 / 33

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

Misperception of how poorly /well You are being treated.
- You have it worse/better than you think.
Misperception of how well /poorly mainstream members are being treated.
- Mainstream members have it better/worse than you think.

11 / 33

Central idea Mutual evaulation in behavioral games

Revolve around two players mutual evaluation.
Have a clear metric: €

$\to$ Observe actual & survey expected discrimination in €.

12 / 33

Step 2: 10 Trust games among 2.000 of our respondents

Mainstream participants: 3 Games with mainstream & 7 with immigrant origin players.
Immigrant origin participants: 7 Games with mainstream & 3 with immigrant origin players.

13 / 33

Step 2: 10 Trust games among 2.000 of our respondents

True first name & city of residence from registers

Alisina, Ahmad, Anne, Binyamin, Joyce, Somaia, Sarah, Hayriye, Saibe, Björn, Salem, Fabienne, Sadet, Linda, Margarita, Ali, Joseph, Mhd Kheir, Baran, Bahaa, Jebran, Reno, Seiji, Irina, Ajsel, Christine, Rahim, Yaw Abrefa, Mark, Anjali Dev, Elmar, Anke, Laura, Heiko, ...

14 / 33

Actual trust to immigrant origin participants (current n = 281)

15 / 33

Actual trust to immigrant origin participants (current n = 281)

15 / 33

Actual trust to 9 others

${Tr others}_{i j} = {\bar{€}}_{j}^{| i} = {\bar{€}}_{j} - €_{i j}$

16 / 33

Actual (mistrust-based) discrimination per game

${Act Discr}_{i j} = €_{i j} - {\bar{€}}_{j}^{| i}$

17 / 33

Actual discrimination averaged per person

${\bar{Act Discr}}_{i} = \frac{\sum_{j = 1}^{n_{j}} {Act Discr}_{i j}}{n_{j}}$

18 / 33

After the 10 games Perceptions\Expectations

19 / 33

Perceived/Expected Discrimination per game

${Perc Discr}_{i j} = E (€_{i j}) - E ({\bar{€}}_{j}^{| i})$

20 / 33

Perceived/Expected Discrimination averaged per person

$\bar{{Perc Discr}_{i}} = \frac{\sum_{j = 1}^{10} E (€_{i j}) - E ({\bar{€}}_{j}^{| i})}{10}$

21 / 33

Misperceived (Mistrust-Based) Discrimination

${Misp Discr}_{i} = \bar{{Perc Discr}_{i}} - {\bar{Act Discr}}_{i}$

22 / 33

Decomposition into two proximate causes

The Case of Under-Perceived Discrimination

$Misp Pers Tr = {\begin{cases} \bar{{Perc. Tr}_{i}} - {\bar{Act Tr}}_{i} & if Misp Pers Tr > 0 \\ 0 & if Misp Pers Tr \leq 0. \end{cases}$

$% Misp Pers = {\begin{cases} - 100 * \frac{Misp Pers Tr}{{Misp Discr}_{i}} & if % Misp Pers < 100 \\ 100 & if % Misp Pers \geq 100. \end{cases}$

$Misp Oth Tr = {\begin{cases} \bar{{Perc Tr Oth}_{i}} - {\bar{Act Tr Oth}}_{i} & if Misp Oth Tr < 0 \\ 0 & if Misp Oth Tr \geq 0. \end{cases}$

$% Misp Oth = {\begin{cases} - 100 * \frac{Misp Oth Tr}{{Misp Discr}_{i}} & if % Misp Oth < 100 \\ 100 & if % Misp Oth \geq 100. \end{cases}$

23 / 33

Decomposition into two proximate causes

The Case of Under-Perceived Discrimination

$Misp Pers Tr = {\begin{cases} \bar{{Perc. Tr}_{i}} - {\bar{Act Tr}}_{i} & if Misp Pers Tr > 0 \\ 0 & if Misp Pers Tr \leq 0. \end{cases}$

$% Misp Pers = {\begin{cases} - 100 * \frac{Misp Pers Tr}{{Misp Discr}_{i}} & if % Misp Pers < 100 \\ 100 & if % Misp Pers \geq 100. \end{cases}$

$Misp Oth Tr = {\begin{cases} \bar{{Perc Tr Oth}_{i}} - {\bar{Act Tr Oth}}_{i} & if Misp Oth Tr < 0 \\ 0 & if Misp Oth Tr \geq 0. \end{cases}$

$% Misp Oth = {\begin{cases} - 100 * \frac{Misp Oth Tr}{{Misp Discr}_{i}} & if % Misp Oth < 100 \\ 100 & if % Misp Oth \geq 100. \end{cases}$

24 / 33

Decomposition into two proximate causes

25 / 33

Next steps Reciprocity & Trust-Based Selection

Replicate for misperceived reciprocity-based discrimination.

26 / 33

Next steps Reciprocity & Trust-Based Selection

Replicate for misperceived reciprocity-based discrimination.

26 / 33

Next steps Integration Paradox

27 / 33

Satisficing?

28 / 33

Final step 3 Scheduled for end of January

29 / 33

Final step 3 Scheduled for end of January

30 / 33

Final step 3 Scheduled for end of January

31 / 33

Thank you for your attention!

Please contact us,
if you have alternative ideas on how these data can be used

32 / 33

References

Portes, A., R. N. Parker, and J. A. Cobas (1980). "Assimilation or Consciousness". In: Social Forces, pp. 200-224.

Schaeffer, M. and J. Kas (2021). "The Integration Paradox: A Theoretical Synthesis and Meta-Analysis". In: Unpublished manuscript, p. 0.

33 / 33

Misperceived DiscriminationThe Two Proximate Causes of Over- and Underperceived Ethnic DiscriminationMerlin Schaeffer & Judith Kas2021-11-101 / 33

The integration paradox

[...] greater familiarity with the culture and language and economic advancement can lead to greater consciousness of the reality of discrimination.

-- Portes, Parker, and Cobas (1980)

2 / 33

The integration paradox

[...] greater familiarity with the culture and language and economic advancement can lead to greater consciousness of the reality of discrimination.

-- Portes, Parker, and Cobas (1980)

Source: Schaeffer and Kas (2021)

2 / 33

Step 1 Online survey

Var1	Freq
Mainstream	1356
Immigrant	890
Child of immigrant	595

Random sample from public registers of:
- Berlin,
- Hamburg,
- Cologne,
- Frankfurt,
- Munich.
Invitation to study via postal mail.
Response rate approx. 8%.

3 / 33

Fundamental flaw of prior research

[...] greater familiarity with the culture and language and some economic advancement can lead to greater consciousness of the reality of discrimination.

-- Portes, Parker, and Cobas (1980)

4 / 33

Fundamental flaw of prior research

[...] greater familiarity with the culture and language and some economic advancement can lead to greater consciousness of the reality of discrimination.

-- Portes, Parker, and Cobas (1980)

False Consciousness: Are the less integrated under-perceiving the true extent of discrimination they face?

4 / 33

Limitation of correspondence studies

Fake CV's
have no experiences and perceptions

5 / 33

Additional demands for a new design

You need 16 times the sample size to estimate an interaction than to estimate a main effect

-- Andrew Gelman

6 / 33

Additional demands for a new design

You need 16 times the sample size to estimate an interaction than to estimate a main effect

-- Andrew Gelman

7 / 33

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

8 / 33

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

9 / 33

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

10 / 33

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

Misperception of how poorly /well You are being treated.
- You have it worse/better than you think.
Misperception of how well /poorly mainstream members are being treated.
- Mainstream members have it better/worse than you think.

11 / 33

Central idea Mutual evaulation in behavioral games

Revolve around two players mutual evaluation.
Have a clear metric: €

$\to$ Observe actual & survey expected discrimination in €.

12 / 33

Step 2: 10 Trust games among 2.000 of our respondents

Mainstream participants: 3 Games with mainstream & 7 with immigrant origin players.
Immigrant origin participants: 7 Games with mainstream & 3 with immigrant origin players.

13 / 33

Step 2: 10 Trust games among 2.000 of our respondents

True first name & city of residence from registers

14 / 33

Actual trust to immigrant origin participants (current n = 281)

15 / 33

Actual trust to immigrant origin participants (current n = 281)

15 / 33

Actual trust to 9 others

${Tr others}_{i j} = {\bar{€}}_{j}^{| i} = {\bar{€}}_{j} - €_{i j}$

16 / 33

Actual (mistrust-based) discrimination per game

${Act Discr}_{i j} = €_{i j} - {\bar{€}}_{j}^{| i}$

17 / 33

Actual discrimination averaged per person

${\bar{Act Discr}}_{i} = \frac{\sum_{j = 1}^{n_{j}} {Act Discr}_{i j}}{n_{j}}$

18 / 33

After the 10 games Perceptions\Expectations

19 / 33

Perceived/Expected Discrimination per game

${Perc Discr}_{i j} = E (€_{i j}) - E ({\bar{€}}_{j}^{| i})$

20 / 33

Perceived/Expected Discrimination averaged per person

$\bar{{Perc Discr}_{i}} = \frac{\sum_{j = 1}^{10} E (€_{i j}) - E ({\bar{€}}_{j}^{| i})}{10}$

21 / 33

Misperceived (Mistrust-Based) Discrimination

${Misp Discr}_{i} = \bar{{Perc Discr}_{i}} - {\bar{Act Discr}}_{i}$

22 / 33

Decomposition into two proximate causes

The Case of Under-Perceived Discrimination

$Misp Pers Tr = {\begin{cases} \bar{{Perc. Tr}_{i}} - {\bar{Act Tr}}_{i} & if Misp Pers Tr > 0 \\ 0 & if Misp Pers Tr \leq 0. \end{cases}$

$% Misp Pers = {\begin{cases} - 100 * \frac{Misp Pers Tr}{{Misp Discr}_{i}} & if % Misp Pers < 100 \\ 100 & if % Misp Pers \geq 100. \end{cases}$

$Misp Oth Tr = {\begin{cases} \bar{{Perc Tr Oth}_{i}} - {\bar{Act Tr Oth}}_{i} & if Misp Oth Tr < 0 \\ 0 & if Misp Oth Tr \geq 0. \end{cases}$

$% Misp Oth = {\begin{cases} - 100 * \frac{Misp Oth Tr}{{Misp Discr}_{i}} & if % Misp Oth < 100 \\ 100 & if % Misp Oth \geq 100. \end{cases}$

23 / 33

Decomposition into two proximate causes

The Case of Under-Perceived Discrimination

$Misp Pers Tr = {\begin{cases} \bar{{Perc. Tr}_{i}} - {\bar{Act Tr}}_{i} & if Misp Pers Tr > 0 \\ 0 & if Misp Pers Tr \leq 0. \end{cases}$

$% Misp Pers = {\begin{cases} - 100 * \frac{Misp Pers Tr}{{Misp Discr}_{i}} & if % Misp Pers < 100 \\ 100 & if % Misp Pers \geq 100. \end{cases}$

$Misp Oth Tr = {\begin{cases} \bar{{Perc Tr Oth}_{i}} - {\bar{Act Tr Oth}}_{i} & if Misp Oth Tr < 0 \\ 0 & if Misp Oth Tr \geq 0. \end{cases}$

$% Misp Oth = {\begin{cases} - 100 * \frac{Misp Oth Tr}{{Misp Discr}_{i}} & if % Misp Oth < 100 \\ 100 & if % Misp Oth \geq 100. \end{cases}$

24 / 33

Decomposition into two proximate causes

25 / 33

Next steps Reciprocity & Trust-Based Selection

Replicate for misperceived reciprocity-based discrimination.

26 / 33

Next steps Reciprocity & Trust-Based Selection

Replicate for misperceived reciprocity-based discrimination.

26 / 33

Next steps Integration Paradox

27 / 33

Satisficing?

28 / 33

Final step 3 Scheduled for end of January

29 / 33

Final step 3 Scheduled for end of January

30 / 33

Final step 3 Scheduled for end of January

31 / 33

Thank you for your attention!

Please contact us,
if you have alternative ideas on how these data can be used

32 / 33

References

Portes, A., R. N. Parker, and J. A. Cobas (1980). "Assimilation or Consciousness". In: Social Forces, pp. 200-224.

Schaeffer, M. and J. Kas (2021). "The Integration Paradox: A Theoretical Synthesis and Meta-Analysis". In: Unpublished manuscript, p. 0.

33 / 33

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Misperceived Discrimination

The Two Proximate Causes of Over- and Underperceived Ethnic Discrimination

Merlin Schaeffer & Judith Kas

2021-11-10

The integration paradox

The integration paradox

Step 1 Online survey

Fundamental flaw of prior research

Fundamental flaw of prior research

Limitation of correspondence studies

Additional demands for a new design

Additional demands for a new design

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

Central idea Mutual evaulation in behavioral games

Step 2: 10 Trust games among 2.000 of our respondents

Step 2: 10 Trust games among 2.000 of our respondents

Actual trust to immigrant origin participants (current n = 281)

Actual trust to immigrant origin participants (current n = 281)

Actual trust to 9 others

Actual (mistrust-based) discrimination per game

Actual discrimination averaged per person

After the 10 games Perceptions\Expectations

Perceived/Expected Discrimination per game

Perceived/Expected Discrimination averaged per person

Misperceived (Mistrust-Based) Discrimination

Decomposition into two proximate causes

Decomposition into two proximate causes

Decomposition into two proximate causes

Next steps Reciprocity & Trust-Based Selection

Next steps Reciprocity & Trust-Based Selection

Next steps Integration Paradox

Satisficing?

Final step 3 Scheduled for end of January

Final step 3 Scheduled for end of January

Final step 3 Scheduled for end of January

References

The integration paradox

Help

Misperceived Discrimination

Misperceived Discrimination

The Two Proximate Causes of Over- and Underperceived Ethnic Discrimination

Merlin Schaeffer & Judith Kas

2021-11-10

The integration paradox

The integration paradox

Step 1 Online survey

Fundamental flaw of prior research

Fundamental flaw of prior research

Limitation of correspondence studies

Additional demands for a new design

Additional demands for a new design

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

Additional demands Decomposition into two proximate causes

Central idea Mutual evaulation in behavioral games

Step 2: 10 Trust games among 2.000 of our respondents

Step 2: 10 Trust games among 2.000 of our respondents

Actual trust to immigrant origin participants (current n = 281)

Actual trust to immigrant origin participants (current n = 281)

Actual trust to 9 others

Actual (mistrust-based) discrimination per game

Actual discrimination averaged per person

After the 10 games Perceptions\Expectations

Perceived/Expected Discrimination per game

Perceived/Expected Discrimination averaged per person

Misperceived (Mistrust-Based) Discrimination

Decomposition into two proximate causes

Decomposition into two proximate causes

Decomposition into two proximate causes

Next steps Reciprocity & Trust-Based Selection

Next steps Reciprocity & Trust-Based Selection

Next steps Integration Paradox

Satisficing?

Final step 3 Scheduled for end of January

Final step 3 Scheduled for end of January

Final step 3 Scheduled for end of January