Misperceived Discrimination

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# Misperceived Discrimination
## The Two Proximate Causes of Over- and Underperceived Ethnic Discrimination
### Merlin Schaeffer & Judith Kas
### 2021-11-10

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# The integration paradox

.left-column[
 
> [...] greater familiarity with the culture and language and economic advancement can lead to greater consciousness of the reality of discrimination.

> -- Portes, Parker, and Cobas (1980)
]

.right-column[
 
 
<img src="media/Conceptual-model.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.center[.backgrnote[*Source*: Schaeffer and Kas (2021)]]
]

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# Step 1 .font60[Online survey]

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|Var1               | Freq|
|:------------------|----:|
|Mainstream         | 1356|
|Immigrant          |  890|
|Child of immigrant |  595|
- Random sample from public registers of:
  + Berlin,
  + Hamburg,
  + Cologne,
  + Frankfurt,
  + Munich.
- Invitation to study via postal mail.
- Response rate approx. 8%.
]

.right-column[
<img src="EUI-Arnout_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-3-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

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# Fundamental flaw of prior research

.left-column[
 
> [...] greater familiarity with the culture and language and some economic advancement can lead to greater .alert[consciousness of the reality] of discrimination.

> -- Portes, Parker, and Cobas (1980)
]

.right-column[
.center[.alert[**False Consciousness**: Are the less integrated under-perceiving the true extent of discrimination they face?]]
 
<img src="media/Conceptual-model-2.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

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# Limitation of correspondence studies

.left-column[
.center[.alert[Fake CV's have no experiences and perceptions]]
<img src="https://www.docdroid.net/thumbnail/d9fU64e/1500,1500/fake-cv-pdf.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.right-column[
 
 
<img src="media/Conceptual-model-2a.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

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# Additional demands .font70[for a new design]

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> You need 16 times the sample size to estimate an interaction than to estimate a main effect

> -- [Andrew Gelman](https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2018/03/15/need-16-times-sample-size-estimate-interaction-estimate-main-effect/)
]

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.right-column[
 
 
<img src="media/Conceptual-model-2.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

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.right-column[
 
 
<img src="media/Conceptual-model-2b.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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# Additional demands .font70[Decomposition into two proximate causes]

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# Additional demands .font70[Decomposition into two proximate causes]

.left-column[
1. Misperception of how poorly .backgrnote[/well] You are being treated.
  + .backgrnote[You have it worse/better than you think.]
  
2. Misperception of how well .backgrnote[/poorly] mainstream members are being treated.
  + .backgrnote[Mainstream members have it better/worse than you think.]
]

.right-column[
<img src="media/Conceptual-model-3d.png" width="78%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

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# Central idea .font70[Mutual evaulation in behavioral games]

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1. Revolve around two players mutual evaluation.
2. Have a clear metric: €

`$\rightarrow$` Observe actual & survey expected discrimination in €.
]

.right-column[
<img src="media/Non-anonymous-trust-game.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

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# Step 2: .font60[10 Trust games among 2.000 of our respondents]

.right-column[
<img src="media/Sender-en.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

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.left-column[
- *Mainstream participants*: 3 Games with mainstream & 7 with immigrant origin players.

- *Immigrant origin participants*: 7 Games with mainstream & 3 with immigrant origin players.
]

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.left-column[
.center[.alert[True first name & city of residence from registers]

.backgrnote[Alisina, Ahmad, Anne, Binyamin, Joyce, Somaia, Sarah, Hayriye, Saibe, Björn, Salem, Fabienne, Sadet, Linda, Margarita, Ali, Joseph, Mhd Kheir, Baran, Bahaa, Jebran, Reno, Seiji, Irina, Ajsel, Christine, Rahim, Yaw Abrefa, Mark, Anjali Dev, Elmar, Anke, Laura, Heiko, ...]
]]

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# Actual trust .font60[to immigrant origin participants (current n = 281)]

.left-column[
<img src="media/Sender-en.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />