Misperceived Discrimination

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# Misperceived Discrimination
## How accurate do persons of immigrant origin perceive discrimination?
### Merlin Schaeffer & Judith Kas
### 2022-05-30

---

# .font90[Perceived grievances are often puzzling]

<img src="media/FRA_2.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.backgrnote[.center[
*Source*: for
Fundamental Rights (2014)
]]

---
class: clear

.left-column[
<br>
.font160[.red[**Another such puzzle: 
<br>
<br>
The integration paradox**]]
]

.right-column[
<br>
<br>
<img src="media/Meta.png" width="56%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.center[.backgrnote[*Source*: Schaeffer and Kas (2021)]]
]

---

class: clear

.left-column[
<br>
.font160[.red[**Another such puzzle: 
<br>
<br>
The integration paradox**]]

<br>
> [...] greater familiarity with the culture and language and economic advancement can lead to .alert[greater consciousness of the reality] of discrimination.

> -- Portes, Parker, and Cobas (1980)
]

.right-column[
<br>
<br>
<img src="media/Meta.png" width="56%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.center[.backgrnote[*Source*: Schaeffer and Kas (2021)]]
]

---
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# How accurate do persons of immigrant origin perceive ethnic discrimination?

.center[.font140[**Challenges**]]

- **No aggregate analysis**: Measure actual and perceived discrimination for individuals.

- **Mis-perceptions `\(\neq\)` correlation**: Measure actual and perceived discrimination on the same scale.

- **Ethics:** Researchers must not discriminate participants.

---
class: clear
# Central idea .font70[Mutual evaulation in behavioral games]

.left-column[
1. Two players' mutual evaluation.
2. Clear metric: €.

`\(\rightarrow\)` Observe **actual €** sent.

`\(\rightarrow\)` Survey **expected €** received.
]

.push-right[
<img src="media/Non-anonymous-trust-game.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
class: clear
# Central idea .font70[Mutual evaulation in behavioral games]

.left-column[
1. Two players' mutual evaluation.
2. Clear metric: €.

`\(\rightarrow\)` Observe **actual €** sent.

`\(\rightarrow\)` Survey **expected €** received.

<br>
<br>
.alert[.center[True first name & city of residence from registers]]<br>
.backgrnote[Alisina, Ahmad, Anne, Binyamin, Joyce, Somaia, Sarah, Hayriye, Saibe, Björn, Salem, Fabienne, Sadet, Linda, Margarita, Ali, Joseph, Mhd Kheir, Baran, Bahaa, Jebran, Reno, Seiji, Irina, Ajsel, Christine, Rahim, Yaw Abrefa, Mark, Anjali Dev, Elmar, Anke, Laura, Heiko, ...]
]

.right-column[
<br>
<br>
<br>
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<img src="media/Sender-en.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
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# 10 Trust games per participant

.push-left[

- *Mainstream<sup>1</sup> participants*: 
  + 3 games with mainstream players.
  + 7 games with immigrant origin players.

- *Immigrant origin<sup>2</sup> participants*: 
  + 7 games with mainstream players.
  + 3 games with immigrant origin players.

`\(\rightarrow\)` Observe **actual €** sent to others.

.footnote[1: Born in Germany and both parents born in Germany. <br>2: Born abroad or at least one parent born abroad.]
]

---

.push-right[
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<img src="media/Sender-en.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

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.push-right[
<img src="media/Return_decision.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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# Sample

<br>
.center[
1 **Pre-game survey** Jul-Oct '21 `\(\rightarrow\)` 2 **Trust games** Nov-Dec '21 `\(\rightarrow\)` 3 **Pay-out experiment** Mar '22]

<br>
.left-column[
- Stratified random sample from German registers.

- Invitation via postal mail.

- Online surveys/games in German.

- Response rate approx. 12%-4%.
]

.right-column[.font80[
<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> imor </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Hamburg </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Köln </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Frankfurt am Main </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> München </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Berlin </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> All </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mainstream </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> N </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 198 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 222 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 204 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 184 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 243 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 1051 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> % row </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 18.8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 21.1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 19.4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 17.5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 23.1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 100.0 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Immigrant </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> N </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 118 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 90 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 113 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 153 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 101 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 575 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> % row </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 20.5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 15.7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 19.7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 26.6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 17.6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 100.0 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Child of immigrant </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> N </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 66 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 100 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 61 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 84 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 72 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 383 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> % row </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 17.2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 26.1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 15.9 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 21.9 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 18.8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 100.0 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> All </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> N </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 382 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 412 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 378 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 421 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 416 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 2009 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> % row </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 19.0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 20.5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 18.8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 21.0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 20.7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> 100.0 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]]

---
# Actual trust discrimination .font60[by game partner]

.left-column[

.center[
`\(\text{Act Discr}_{ij} = €_{ij} - \bar{€}_{j\text{(Germ. name)}}\)`

<br>
<br>
<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Name </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> N </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> % </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Name not distinct from German </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2699 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 36.2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Distinct Non-German name </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4760 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 63.8 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]]

.right-column[
<img src="Konstanz_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-10-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

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# Actual trust discrimination .font60[avg. by person]

.left-column[.center[
`\(\bar{\text{Act Discr}}_{i} = \frac{\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n_{j}}\text{Act Discr}_{ij}}{n_{j}}\)`

<br>
<br>
<table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Name </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> N </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> % </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Name not distinct from German </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 348 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 36.3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Distinct Non-German name </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 610 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 63.7 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]]

.right-column[
<img src="Konstanz_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-12-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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# After the 10 games .font60[Expectations]

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# Actual & expected discrimination

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# Actual & expected discrimination

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# Actual & expected discrimination

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# Alternative measure

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# Actual selection

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# Actual & expected selection

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# Actual & expected selection

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# Actual & expected selection

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# Intermediate conclusion

.left-column[
<br>
<br>
<br>
- On average, immigrant minorities do not .alert[(mis-)expect] to be discriminated.

- Discrimination is not a lens through which immigrant minorities frame any random interaction.
]

.right-column[
<img src="Konstanz_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-16-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

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# Expected `\(\neq\)` perceived discrimination

.right-column[
<img src="media/EmplDiscr.png" width="80%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.left-column[
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Do immigrant minorities .alert[(mis-)perceive] discrimination when they asked to frame a cue of ethnic inequality?
]

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# Follow-up experiment .font60[Disadvantage cue]

**On average, your ten game partners sent and thereby entrusted 6 € to you.**

In addition, your ten game partners played trust games with other 68 more participants. 25 of these other participants had names that sound typically German.

Below you see a selection of three of these participants with names that sound typically German.

**On average, your game partners sent and thereby entrusted 8 € to these three persons:**

Annegret from Hamburg

Klaus from Berlin

Hartmut from München

**The three have thus received 2 € more than you. How do you rate this result?**

<select class='webex-select'><option value='blank'></option><option value='answer'>My name played a role: I was disadvantaged by my game partners.</option><option value=''>My name did not play a role: I was simply unlucky</option></select>

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# Follow-up experiment .font60[Advantage cue]

**On average, your ten game partners sent and thereby entrusted 8 € to you.**

In addition, your ten game partners played trust games with other 68 more participants. 25 of these other participants had names that sound typically German.

Below you see a selection of three of these participants with names that sound typically German.

**On average, your game partners sent and thereby entrusted 6 € to these three persons:**

Annegret from Hamburg

Klaus from Berlin

Hartmut from München

**The three have thus received 2 € less than you. How do you rate this result?**

<select class='webex-select'><option value='blank'></option><option value='answer'>My name played a role: I was advantaged by my game partners.</option><option value=''>My name did not play a role: I was simply lucky.</option></select>

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# Follow-up experiment .font60[Equality cue]

**On average, your ten game partners sent and thereby entrusted 7 € to you.**

In addition, your ten game partners played trust games with other 68 more participants. 25 of these other participants had names that sound typically German.

Below you see a selection of three of these participants with names that sound typically German.

**On average, your game partners sent and thereby entrusted 7 € to these three persons:**

Annegret from Hamburg

Klaus from Berlin

Hartmut from München

**The three have thus received the same amount as. How do you rate this result?**

<select class='webex-select'><option value='blank'></option><option value='answer'>My name played a role: In this case I nevertheless received the same.</option><option value=''>My name did not play a role: I was treated equally by my game partners.</option></select>

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# May name played a role ...

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# .font90["Were participants called .alert[Merlin] generally] <br> .font60[advantaged, treated equally, or disadvantaged by their game partners?"]

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# Intermediate conclusion

.push-left[
- On average, people expect no discrimination, but perceive it once ethnicity is made salient.
  + ... even under the equal cue!
  
  
- Immigrant minorities with a German-sounding name are perceiving advantage similar to those with a non-German name perceiving disadvantage.

- People generalize their personal experience to equivalent others `\(\approx\)` 1:1.
]

.push-right[
<img src="Konstanz_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-23-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

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class: inverse
# But how *accurate* are these perceptions about ...

.push-left[
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
1. whether their name did (not) play a role?

2. whether *Merlins* were generally: <br> (today focus on) disadvantaged?
]

.push-right[
<img src="https://www.svgimages.com/svg-image/s10/zeigefinger-clipart.svg" width="80%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

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# Accurate perceptions .font60[My name played a role]

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# Accurate perceptions .font60[People with my name]

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# Complex data .font70[and no blueprint ...]

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# Conclusion .font70[for now ...]

.push-left[
- On average, people expect no discrimination, but perceive it once ethnicity is made salient.
  + ... even under the equal cue!
  
  
- Persons with a German-sounding name are perceiving advantage at least as much as those with a non-German name are perceiving disadvantage.

- People generalize their personal experience to equivalent others close to 1:1.

- People seem somewhat better than random at perceiving ethnic discrimination.
  + Especially the absence of it!
  + (... in the absence of obvious racial slurs etc.)
]

.push-right[.center[
<br>
<br>
<br>
.font140[
.alert[Thank you for your attention!]
]

<br>
.alert[Please contact me,<br> if you have alternative ideas on how these data can be used and would like to team-up]]]

---
# References

.font70[
Fundamental Rights, E. U. A. for (2014). _Violence against women :an EU wide survey : results at a
glance._ LU: Publications Office.

Portes, A., R. N. Parker, and J. A. Cobas (1980). "Assimilation or Consciousness". In: _Social
Forces_, pp. 200-224.

Schaeffer, M. and J. Kas (2021). "The Integration Paradox: A Theoretical Synthesis and Meta-Analysis".
In: _Unpublished manuscript_, p. 0.
]